Distracted by Today’s Technology Essay

We are a piece of a nation that is centered around making life simpler and quicker. Innovation is something that is continually on the ascent, we are continually searching for that new device better than the last that is intended to encourage the regular day to day existence. Accordingly, numerous individuals are beginning to lose the capacity to show feelings or even carry on an eye to eye discussion, in this way making it hard for those people to create proper social abilities. Sadly, we neglect to see the harm that is being brought about by the measure of time being spent on messaging, playing with computer games, or spending endless hours on interpersonal organizations as an option in contrast to making new associates or investing quality energy with their friends and family. Let’s start with instant messages, known as one of the most mainstream strategy for correspondence nowadays. The instant message has become an essential piece of our lives. Like with new couples, who can't achieve a proper feeling of what their new accomplice is really similar to. These couples regularly lean toward the accommodation of messaging as a method of becoming more acquainted with one another, rather than chatting on the telephone or going on dates. What they neglect to acknowledge is that, by attempting to keep up a relationship for the most part through messaging and with scarcely any physical communication they are really restraining their capacity to evaluate responses, articulations or emotions appeared by the other individual. Unfortunately, these couples as a rule decide to cut off their association before knowing whether it genuinely got an opportunity to thrive into a something significant. Despite the fact that chatting on a PDA while in the driver's seat of a vehicle has been demonstrated to be risky, it has now taken a rearward sitting arrangement to those drivers who surf the web and content while out and about. As per an examination done by The American Automobile Association, forty-six percent of youngsters who were talked with confessed to being occupied in the driver's seat in view of messaging. Numerous guardians will teach their kids not to content while in the driver's seat, when in all reality they are not following what they lecture by proceeding to put every one of us in danger. In general, it is a genuine wellspring of worry that these people are deliberately adding to the expanding number of mishaps on our streets today. At that point we have computer games, which have been around for a considerable length of time. As of late, the prevalence of computer games has soar among our childhood. Our youngsters are figuring out how to seize a vehicle from a pregnant mother with her two children, shoot a criminal with a programmed weapon, and even race down the roads of a peaceful neighborhood, all from the solace of their lounge chair. The times of going outside to play with companions and bicycle riding have been supplanted by sitting before a TV and playing with your Nintendo, Xbox, or PlayStation, just to give some examples. Schoolwork and errands are regularly neglected, yet more awful are the numerous guardians that are utilizing these gaming gadgets as sitters as an option in contrast to investing quality energy with their children. Numerous guardians stay fulfilled by essentially realizing that their youngsters are securely in the house, excusing the chance their kids are turning out to be habitual slouches with no social aptitudes. Tragically, a considerable lot of these youngsters are not accepting some other exercise than what is given during their P.E. class in school. These are the kids that will probably wind up as fat, hostile to social individuals from our general public. In conclusion, we are currently encircled by interpersonal interaction locales like Facebook, Myspace and Twitter that are committed to interfacing loved ones that live all around the globe with the expectations of expanding correspondence between them. Companions can post pictures, expound on what they are doing right now, and surf different companions profiles. While we can't deny the advantages that these locales may give, we ought to likewise not neglect to understand the numerous risks that can be connected to these informal communities. PC infections are one of the most widely recognized drawbacks seen with interpersonal organizations, one wrong snap and you could send all you individual data to some evildoer the nation over. In any case, all the more harming are the evil impacts that our youngsters are probably going to experience. Digital tormenting is considerably more extreme and malevolent than what a few of us may have encountered in our secondary school lobbies. Prodding, badgering, and ridiculing are currently posted on the web for the general public's viewing pleasure. In 2006, a high school young lady ended it all for the steady tormenting she got from her schoolmates and even one of their folks, her mom never associated any with it. All the more critically, numerous youngsters and adolescents are currently imparting an excessive amount of data to outsiders that they meet web based, accepting they are somebody of their equivalent age and with their equivalent advantages. Unwittingly, they are making themselves obvious objectives for predators of numerous types. This might be maintained a strategic distance from if guardians somehow happened to constrain the time spent on the web and tirelessly s creen their web utilization. I comprehend that a few people may differ with my perspectives on the harming impacts that could be related with permitting an excessive amount of innovation into all parts of our lives. By the day's end, what are the advantages we are getting from permitting innovation to assume such an enormous job in our lives? It is safe to say that we are meeting up by the day's end? The times of â€Å"family supper time† are gradually turning out to be recollections of the past. Less are the families that lounge around a table to share a supper, mingle, and relate anecdotes about their day. We are passing up chances to bond with our youngsters and watch them develop. Just as new couples that would profit by more telephone discussions and dates, maybe giving themselves a superior possibility at a progressively important and stable relationship, perhaps decreasing the present separation rates. We face a daily reality such that innovation has gotten an unquestionable requirement in our lives. We are currently subject to phones, and PCs, while our kids are devoured by their games. I additionally concur that the entirety of the progressions made by innovation are essentially indented to some way or another improve the manner in which we work consistently. However, there ought to be a cutoff to how much innovation we permit in our lives. Perhaps we should put forth an attempt to commit time to our families by killing the PDA and set aside the PC a couple of evenings seven days. The advantages we will get for keeping up a cherishing and sustaining relationship with our friends and family will keep on being obvious for quite a long time to come.

History of Photography. Lewis Hine, Steelworkers, Empire State Essay

History of Photography. Lewis Hine, Steelworkers, Empire State Building, New York, 1931 - Essay Example In this paper I will concentrate on Lewis Hines photos of men chipping away at top of the Empire State Building high rise, which were taken in various long periods of its development. I will attempt to think about the notable Hines photo titled as Steelworkers, which he took in 1931, with various other comparable photos taken by Lewis Hines on of the Empire State Building in 1930s. Lewis Hines stunning photo titled as Steelworkers,1 which he took on the Empire State Building in 1931, turned into a song to work and magnificence of an extraordinary deed that a man could do to accomplish the objective, regardless of how mind boggling it may appear from the earliest starting point. This astounding picture shows two steelworkers on the high rise and makes one marvel how it is conceivable at all to work at such tallness without enduring vertigo. One can see a piece of Manhattan on the foundation; the remainder of the structures down beneath appear to be so little contrasting with the work spot of these two fearless men on the high rise that the picture of them accomplishing their normal work motivates profound respect with boldness and self dominance of these steelworkers sitting on of probably the most elevated structure in New York City. This photo is a show of the grit of a man and staggering capacity to defeat troubles and perils, despite the fact that the locati on of men at such tallness taking a chance with their lives to complete the work rouses with wonderment. While one of the steelworkers is perched on the shaft holding the screw-fastener, another laborer is utilizing the electrical screw-driving machine to screw the fastener into the bar until tight. It is astonishing how these men penance their wellbeing and hazard their lives to raise the development, where individuals would feel themselves consummately safe one day. The tranquility of these two men is a workmanship itself. Them two grin realizing that Hines is snapping a picture of their work, yet dont take a gander at the camera as they are

The Role Of Women During And After The American Revolution - Free Essay Example

According to Harriet Beecher Stowe, an American abolitionist Women are the architect of the society. Women played a key role in the construction of American society. However, the Declaration of Independence of the United States excludes many people. The document declares that all men are created equal but it did not mention women. While women played an important role in American society and this role will change during and after the revolution. The American Revolution was the result from political will of the 13th colonies to be independent against the British crown. Some of these roles were traditional like nursing while other were quite scandalous for this time such as soldier. Generally, the influence of women increases in society thanks to many events such as the boycott of British goods and their new role. At this time, men thought they were superior to women, but enlightened thinkers rejected this idea and thought that a republic could succeed only if its citizens were educated. The persons who educated children were women. They teach them the value of the republic. Since the 20th century, these women were called Republican Motherhood. Education of women leads to the emergence of middle-class women. And in 1848, the Seneca Falls Declaration on the rights of women contrast the Thomas Jeffersons words by saying: All men and women are created equal This new era showed the birth of movements where women get involved such as the Temperance movement, the abolitionist movement, and the first feminist movement. During and after the revolution, what was the role of women in American society? Women played a different role in the society during the American Revolution some of them where traditional and others scandalous for this time. Women were considered inferior to men they had only one role which was to manage the households and attended to the domestic task. At that time, women have no social, legal and political rights. They cannot vote or hold a public office. When they became married all their property became the property of their husband. The husbands had right over his wife and children. If women earned a salary, this salary belongs to their husbands. Also, most women had no education because men thought that they could represent a danger if they were too educated. Men had different fear about the education of women. They were afraid that they change in their behavior. According to Jan E. Lewis who reflected in A companion to America, Womens History, the different fears of men were: would they neglect their responsibilities to others? Would they lose their femininity? Would they become selfish, antisocial?. In contrast, the fact to overeducating men never created the same sort of fears. Women played an important role in the society in the political resistance movement against the different tax such the sugar act, the stamp act and Townsend duty act. They participated in the boycott of British goods like clothes and the tea in a varied way. The Daughter of Liberty, was like the Son of Liberty, a group created against British taxation. Sarah Bradlee Fulton was a leader of the Daughter of Liberty and known as the Mother of the Boston Tea Party because she gave the idea of disguising men in native American so, avoid them to be recognized by the authorities. Also, they went door to door to involve more women in the British boycott. Inspiring by the Boston Tea Party, Penelope Baker led women to sign an agreement against the consumption of British tea and others British goods. This event was called the Eden Tea Party. In another way, women were part of the boycott with the Homespun movement. In addition, to stop buying British goods, women became engaged in the Homespun movement which consisted of the boycott of British clothes with Patriots women who made clothes at home. Thanks to this movement, the colonies became fewer dependents of the British textile. Later this movement served the continental army during the revolution. Then during the revolution women had different key roles. For instance, Abigail Adams was known as the wife of the second president of the United States John Dams and for the quote remember the ladies that she addressed to her husband in a private later who was a member of the Continental Congress. In this letter, she asked more right for women while her husband and the member of the Congress wrote a new code of laws. But she was also, a brilliant businesswoman who manage the finance of the family in an excellent way while John Adams was in the Continental Congress. When she came to Europe with her husband, she came back with many goods such as clothes and she sold back in America and made a lot of money. According to the journalist and authors Cokie Roberts who wrote several books on a woman of the early days of the United States. He said that She was good in math. We know that because even though women, married women, were not allowed to own property at that time, she bought and sold property all the time. And she made a very handy income which supported the family for long periods of time when her husband was away and not making any money. During this period, many women followed their husband during the war, we called them the camp followers. These wives, mothers, and daughter served as cooks, maids, and nurses during the war. They were poor and cannot subsist without the salary of their husband or father. In front, the difficulty of this task, their paid were increased from two dollars to eight dollars to attract more and more women. Some women served as soldiers or spies during the war. According to the National Womens History Museum website, the spies were women who cook and maids in the British army and listened to the officers about military strategy and delivery of supply. Rare were women who became soldiers, but those who fight throughout the war were women who disguised as men and created a false identity to enroll in the army. Some of them became famous such as Mary Ludwig well-known as Molly Pitcher who helps to reload a cannon of the artillery, during the battle of Monmouth, after her husband was injured. At the end of the American Revolution, the question of the education of women has surfaced because men want to instill the notion of patriotism and the value of the republic to the children. At that time, who were the caretakers of children? It was women, so women obtained access to school to learned and teach to the children. These women had called today the Republican Motherhood. The active role of the Republican Motherhood was to support the value of the republic. The term Republican Motherhood appear with the work The Republican Mother: Women and the Enlightenment-An American Perspective wrote in 1976 by the historian Linda Kerber. In this work, she defined the Republican Mother duties as raising sons and disciplining husbands to be virtuous citizens of the republic. In other words, they should educate children and their husband to became good republican citizens. The education of women became more accessible with schools created such as the Ladies Academy where they had the opportunities studied basic academic subjects as mathematics, geography, and history in addition to ornamental arts. For instance, Catherine Beecher, was an educated woman, who came to the Litchfield Female Academy founded by Sarah Pierce, she became a professor and founded her own schools in Hartford. Women became regarded as intellectual beings who played a political role in the future construction of the nation. Thought the time, women became more involved in this role and began to be the protectors of virtues and morality. They became reformers and they engaged in an organization with a social and public focus such as orphan and charity associations. Also, they came involved in a movement like the temperance movement and later in the abolitionist movement and the first feminist movement. Moreover, others small change occurs during this period, in some state, women get small improvement with their legal status such as the legalization of divorce, the right to vote. The legalization happens because the marriage was view as a contract where women were agreeing to accepted it so, they could also be able to remove from it. It was an exception, but the state of New Jersey allowed women to vote since 1776. As reported by the website The American Revolution, all inhabitants of this colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds and have resided within the county for twelve months could vote. Generally, the American revolution did not result in real change in the term of legal and political womens status Through the time women got more involved in society and want to protect their role as wife and mothers. This willingness result in the implication of women in a different movement like the temperance movement and the abolitionist movement which lead to the first women rights movement. In order to protect the domestic sphere, women found it necessary to become active in the public sphere. They became engaged in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. The Temperance movement was against the consumption of alcohol. The word temperance means moderation but at that time it meant abstinence. Men consumed too much alcohol and this cause problem in the society. The government tries to solve this issue by taking different measure by limited the quantity of alcohol in the saloon with the Gallon Act passed in 1838 in Massachusetts. Women get involved in this movement because this issue attaints the domestic sphere with men who came back at the house completely drunk and act brutally with their wife and children. According to the book, Separate Paths: Suffragists and the Womens Temperance Crusade, women contributed between one-third and one-half of the temperance movements mass support (Jack S. Blocker, Jr 460) in the 1820s. At the end the nineteenth century, as stated in the book The Story of American Freedom, the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) with 150,000 members by 1892 (Eric Fonder 110) represented large implication of women. The slogan Home Protection attracted women to get involved in the organization. Also, women were engaged in the abolitionist movement. This movement was for the abolition of slavery. Women played a crucial role in the anti-slavery society. The fact that women took part in the movement was considered outrageous for men because men thought that the proper place for women was in the domestic sphere and not on the public sphere. One important woman was Lucia Mott who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. For white women, it was the opportunity to be more present on the public sphere and for black women, they could talk about their experience and elicit empathy for slaves. To support the movement, women wrote imaginative literature or such as Phillis Wheatley who wrote her own poems about her life being slaves and this poem was very influential. Sarah Parker Remond was an Abolitionist and made a different speech in favor of the end of the slavery. The speech delivers by such women show the place and the importance of women in the society. Women involves in the Abolitionism movement became leaders in the womens rights movement. They asked equal rights, expanded in education, employment, and pollical rights. These women were supported by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison who support the womens right to vote. These men were famous because they were the figures of the Abolitionism movement during the nineteenth century. The manifestation of the birth of the women rights movement was the Declaration of Sentiment wrote by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott modeled on the Declaration of Independence. In this declaration, the revendication for women rights is clearly expressed with for instance this sentence All men and women are created equal. This Declaration of Sentiment was gratified throughout the Seneca Falls Declaration in 1848. To conclude, the role of women in society evolves in many ways. Before the American revolution, they had no rights. Their only role was the households and the domestic sphere. During the revolution and the war, women played a behind the scenes work that leads the war to the success. At the end of the war, women get more involved in society by teaching their children the value of the republic and by supporting their husband to participate in the political life of the country. Today, these women are called the Republican Motherhood. To allow women to teach to their children they should be educated. At that time, the access to school for women starts to become easier. Then, to protect the domestic sphere women get involved in different movements such as the Temperance movement and the Abolitionism movement. Later this movement leads to the first women rights movement with the Seneca Fall Declaration in 1848. These movement allowed women to became more active on the public sphere and claimed more rights in the future.

Annotated Bibliography on Mosquite-Borne Diseases - 634 Words

Annotated Bibliography Hunter, A., Denman-Vitale, S., Garzon, L., Allen, P. J., Schumann, L. (2007). Global infections: recognition, management, and prevention. The Nurse Practitioner, 32 (2), 34-41. The authors discuss many known infections from all over the world including Malaria and West Nile. They mentioned the differences between these mosquito-borne diseases such as who the primary victims that it affect, which time of day these mosquitoes come out to attack, which season it will most likely occur and many more. Also, the ways in which these diseases can be managed and prevented is present in the reading. This article provides phenomenal information and evidence that really contrast the two deadly diseases carried by mosquitoes. Iwamoto, M., Jernigan, D. B., Guasch, A., Trepka, M. J., Blackmore, C. G., Hellinger, W. C., . . . Petersen, L. R. (2003). Transmission of west nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (22), 2196-2203. Medical professionals conducted an investigation to prove that four recipients obtained the West Nile virus through organ transplants from the same donor who also received various blood donations from donors with viremia. The donor`s organs was diligently examined and no visible problems were found until the recipients developed flu-like symptoms in which was

Hubert Selby Jr.s Requiem For A Dream Essay example

Hubert Selby Jr.s Requiem for a Dream In Selbys 1978 novel Requiem for a Dream each character succumbs to self-gratification, which eventually and inevitably leads to self-destruction. The four main characters, Harry Goldfarb, Sara Goldfarb, Marion, and Tyrone C. Love each suffer from individual addictions, be it their dreams, illegal/legal narcotics, or even television. Ultimately not only their bodies and minds, but their very souls are destroyed by their addictions (Giles 104). Harry, a middle-class addict who is constantly affecting the trust and property of his mother Sara Goldfarb, is in what seems to be a dream-like, drug-induced romance with Marion. The novel begins with Harry taking his mothers television set, this†¦show more content†¦Sara Goldfarb is a lonely old woman. She has an obsession with television, partially because of her addiction to her dream. Sara even goes as far as to give up meals for the television set, and as she is watching she feels emotion for the characters: Â…Sara was so happy for them, then checked her money and realized she would have to go without lunch for a few days, but it was worth it to have the TV set. It wasnt the first time she gave up a meal for her setÂ… (13). Sara is constantly watching the same unspecified television program and one day receives a call from them (Lyle Russel of the McDick Corporation) (25). Mrs. Goldfarb, how would you like to be a contestant on one of televisions most poignant, most heartwarming programs? Oooo me? On the television She kept looking from the phone to the television, and back again, trying to look at both at the same time (25). After receiving this phone call the rest of Saras life goes into preparing for the television show and waiting for the McDick Corporation to call her back with more information. She soon begins to try several different diets, none of which are a success until she visits a doctor recommended by a friend. Her doctor puts her on diet pills, which subconsciously beco mes her third addiction. Without seeing the warning signsShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Baseball Technology: 1884-Present2676 Words   |  11 Pagescertainly lost our way as a nation. (Gutman 21) Today, aluminum bats account for nearly 75 % of all baseball bat sales and are used by nearly all Little League and college baseball teams (Wanner). The first baseball gloves were created in the 1880’s. They were work gloves that had the fingers chopped off after the first knuckle, aiding in protecting a player’s hands (Buckley 14). Later on, gloves became heavy leather pillows with fingers. Players were forced to catch the ball with two hands because

Teachers Should Not Be Allowed to Give Students Homework free essay sample

Students that do understand the lesson should just be required to study, for a better understanding. Teachers should not be allowed to give students homework because most students go to work while attending college. Although, negotiating with the aid office is an increasingly common practice, getting a part-time job is still the most popularand reliableway for students to better their financial situation. Its a simple strategy, says Dallas Martin, president of the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators: The more students can earn on their own, the less theyll have to borrow. In fact, nearly 80 percent of undergrads work part time while in school, according to a recent survey. â€Å"Although its tempting to try to bring home the biggest paycheck possible, working long hours can interfere with your studies†, warns Clare Cotton, president of the Massachusetts Association of Independent Colleges and Universities in Boston. â€Å"Two recent surveys by the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers Should Not Be Allowed to Give Students Homework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. Education Department show that students who work more than 15 hours a week during the school year are less likely to complete their degrees than those who work up to 15 hours a week. Undergrads who work up to 15 hours a week also tend to have higher grade-point averages than those who work longer hours†, also stated by cotton. According to Cotton, students who devote too many hours to a job are less successful academically not only because they dont have time to hit the books but also because they find it harder to connect to their school. For example, I attend classes from 8:00am to 11:00am: then work from 1:00pm to 9:00pm. Once I get home and settle down, it’s around 11:00pm, and time for bed. The last thing on my mind is homework. Teachers should not be allowed to give students homework because most students have children to take care of. Most teachers should know that it is nearly impossible to do homework and watch kids at the same time. For example, as a teenager I would have to watch my younger siblings while my mother would do her school work. Even though I would be watching the kids, my mother still couldnt focus because of the entire nose. Therefore, she would have to go in the garage and study in the car just to get some peace and quiet. Teachers should not be allowed to give students homework because most students are involved in extracurricular activities. For example my brother plays football for Gardens high school. School is in session from 8:00am to 3:00pm: then football practice is from 4:00pm to 6:00pm. After practice my mother would pick him up and they would make it home around 7:00 pm. After taking a shower and eating dinner, the last thing on his mind would be homework. Instead, he would just get ready for tomorrow and go to bed. Homework is just practice to see if you understand what you just learned. Therefore, I believe a student should be required to ask the teacher for homework. Students who understand the lesson should just be required to study. I believe students are failing classes just because they dont complete the homework. Most students dont complete the homework because they dont have time to do it, not because they dont understand the work. An alternative for this situation could be to give students homework, but dont grade or count it against them.

Project Management for Small to Medium Enterprises

Work breakdown structure, critical path and costed time strategy The chart below illustrates the project’s work breakdown structure. This goal has been achieved by identifying the task, the duration, and the resource requirement in order to execute the task effectively and within the set time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management for Small to Medium Enterprises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chart 1: WBS Task name Duration [days] Start time Finish time Resource Analysing the green fashion market in Australia 12 4thOct. 2013 1 5thOct.2013 Marketing manager Selection of store location 12 4thOct. 2013 1 5thOct. 2013 Entrepreneur Developing the project business plan 15 4thOct. 2013 19thOct. 2013 Entrepreneur Compliance with legal and environmental 3 17thOct. 2013 19thOct. 2013 Entrepreneur Seeking sponsorship from charity organisations 18 4thOct. 2013 19thOct. 2013 Entrepreneur F urnishing and decorating the store 15 17thOct. 2013 31stOct. 2013 Project team Attracting consigner 12 20thOct. 2013 15thNov. 2013 Entrepreneur Finalising the shops self-owned system 26 15thNov. 2013 26thNov. 2013 Project team Implementing the green fashion concept will play a critical role in minimising the rate of environmental pollution. In a bid to establish the Green Fashion Store, effective time management is essential. Approximately, the store will take 70 days to be completed. It is projected that this duration is sufficient to complete the project. However, taking 70 days will lead to increase in the resource requirements, which are scarce. Thus, effective time scheduling is paramount. The project manager will reduce the project duration with 20%, which means that the project will take 56 days to be implemented. Crashing strategy will be used in order to arrive at the critical path as illustrated by chart 2 below. By crashing the time, the Green Fashion Store will be completed within 56 days and the likelihood of the entrepreneur conforming to the time constraint will increase. The areas shaded in black illustrate the critical path that will result in optimal resource utilisation. Chart 2: the critical path Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Project Manager estimates that the project will require $19,200 in order to be successfully implemented. Budget and resource allocation In establishing the new business, the entrepreneur is focused towards ensuring that resources are effectively utilised. In this project, the resource that the Project Manager is mostly focused on relates to time. The green fashion project is time constrained. The Project Manager intends to complete the green fashion project in 56 days. Thus, the entrepreneur will ensure that time is effectively utilised. Levelling resource allocation technique will be used. This w ill aid in effective utilisation of slack time by delaying non-critical activities. Moreover, the levelling technique will aid in reduction resource demand, peak resource demand in addition to minimising the amount of resource fluctuation. Some activities will be undertaken concurrently in order to eliminate slack time. Chart 3: Estimated budget before crashing the amount of time by 20% Work package 1stOct.- 15thOct 17thOct-19thOct. 20thOct.-31stOct. 1stNov. -15thNov. 16thNov- 26thNov. Total by activity Market research $2,000 $2,000 Developing the store’s blue print. $500 $200 $700 legal and environmental analysis $1,000 $1,000 Seeking sponsorship $600 $400 $1,000 Furnishing the store $8,000 $4,000 $12,000 Attracting consigner 1,000 1,000 Finalising the self-owned store system 1,500 1,500 Cumulative 19,200 However, reducing the amount of time required to complete the project with 20% is expected to increase the amount of fin ancial capital required. Thus, it is estimated that the project budget will increase by 20%. Thus, the green fashion project will require $ 23,040 in order to be completed. Quality management and control A number of elements quality management elements as illustrated the chart below will be taken into account in the green fashion store. The project will be implemented as a one-off expense hence eliminating the need to revisit the project upon its completion. The chart below illustrates the variables that will be taken into account in ensuring effective quality management. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management for Small to Medium Enterprises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1: quality control A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis will be undertaken in order to maintain the project within the desired quality. This will be achieved by controlling the prevention cost, external and internal failu re, control, and appraisal cost. This will improve the quality of the project. The Project Manager will ensure that the green fashion store addresses the customer’s needs adequately. To achieve this, a substantial amount of appraisal cost will be incurred. The appraisal cost will entail product audits, product inspections, and reviews. Some of the elements that will be integrated in assessing the appraisal cost include evaluating whether the process of implementing the store takes into account the desired conditions. For example, an appealing store ambience will be ensured in order to develop unique customer experience. Moreover, the Project Manager will conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the green fashion products collected from the sponsors to ensure that they are aligned with the specified environmental requirements. One of the ways through which quality of the products collected will be ensured is by conducting an intensive training on the parties charged with the resp onsibility of collecting the second hand products. Moreover, the appraisal cost will also entail assessing whether the green fashion store is effectively designed. The Green Fashion Store entrepreneur is cognisant of the fact that the project may be affected by to lack of sufficient support from the sponsors. For example, customers might not adopt the concept of green fashion as expected. A comprehensive project quality plan will be developed to minimise the adverse effects of quality costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quality plan will outline the standards that the project manager will be required to adhere to in order to satisfactorily fulfil the quality requirement. Regular meetings involving all the team members will be conducted to generate ideas on how to deal with contingencies that arise in the process of implementing the project. The above quality control chart will be used. Project team performance The entrepreneur is aware that the Green Fashion Store will depend on the input of all the team members. Consequently, it is imperative for the project manager to ensure that effective team performance is attained. Optimal team performance can be achieved by incorporating the principles of team management such as organising, leading, controlling, and planning. In a bid to attain optimal team performance, the project manager will take into account a number of issues as illustrated in the table below. Chart 4; project team performance Approach Strategy Significance to team performance Leadership Transformational leadership style will be adopted The style will provide team members an opportunity to share ideas on how to improve the project. -Transformational leadership will lead to development of a sense of inclusion amongst the team members. Communication Horizontal, vertical, upward, lateral diagonal and downward channels of communication will be adopted. Formulating an effective feedback mechanism Communication will ensure that the team members are adequately informed about the project and their roles. Establishment of an effective working relationship Optimal conflict resolution The feedback mechanism will lead to development of optimal understanding of the project. Decision making Inclusive team meetings Team meetings will give the manager insight on the team members’ perception and attitude regarding the project. Including employees in the decision, making process will provide the manager insight on how to minimise employee resistance. Including t he team members will lead to development of a sense of project ownership amongst team members. Developing a strong project team Effective selection of project team members and integration of volunteer part-time team members Effective volunteer management Formulation of an optimal volunteer training programme The manager is cognisant of the fact that unforeseen forces may affect completion of the project. For example, multitasking amongst the project team members may limit their effectiveness. In a bid to deal with this challenge, the Project Manager is focused towards attracting volunteer part-time team members. This goal will be achieved by designing an effective volunteering programme. Currently, individuals are embracing the concept of volunteering in different organisations in an effort to develop a wide range of knowledge and skills. Sufficient awareness on the contribution of the green fashion project to environmental conservation will be undertaken. The training wil l be aimed at ensuring that the volunteers are acquainted with the project objectives and goals. The Project Manager will educate the volunteers the contribution of the Green Fashion Store in minimising climate change. Reward management Comprehensive and continuous appraisal of the team members’ performance Recognising project team members with optimal performance The appraisal will aid in the determination of the team members effectiveness in executing the duties assigned Reward management will lead to increased level of motivation towards achievement of the set project milestones. By implementing the above strategies, the project manager will be able to improve the outcome of the project. Project team meetings In a bid to ensure that the project is successful defined, planned, and executed, a number of project team meetings will be conducted. A number of issues will be discussed during the project team meetings as illustrated by the figure below. Figure 2 Project team identity In a bid to ensure that the project team members are committed to the green fashion store, the project manager will ensure that adequate team identity is established. Developing team identity will contribute towards development of a high level of commitment amongst the team members. The team members will identify with the green fashion store. Thus, their efforts will be focused at achieving the project’s goals. The project manager intends to create team identity by conducting frequent meetings. The meetings will lead to improvement of the team members’ attitude and opinion towards the project. Consequently, the likelihood of developing team behaviour will be increased. Team identity will also be developed by nurturing a high degree of interaction and information sharing amongst the team members. This goal will be achieved by utilising the co-location technique. Virtual teams will not be used in the project. Thus, the project team members will have an opportun ity to interact with another thus developing a strong working relationship. The phrase ‘green fashion’ will be used as the project team name. This name will make the project team more tangible. Moreover, an appealing team logo will be designed. The logos will be designed on T-shirts and caps that will be worn by the project team members. As a result, the project team members will love being associated with the project. In addition to the above strategies, the project manager will ensure that effective team rituals are developed. The rituals will lead to establishment of strong and unique team identity. One of the rituals that will be developed entails giving the team members a T-shirt inscribed with the milestones achieved. Monitoring and evaluation This process improves the project outcome by identifying areas that require adjustments. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation allows the project manager to evaluate the achievements that have been accomplished. The process of monitoring and evaluating the Green Store Project will take into account a number of issues, which include the project costs, resources, project sponsors, and the entire project management team. Participatory monitoring and evaluation strategy will be adopted and this strategy will entail taking into account all the project stakeholders. The project sponsors will be evaluated in order to determine whether they are providing the necessary project guidance. On the other hand, the project team members will be monitored in order to determine whether their actions are positively influencing the completion of the project. Monitoring and evaluating resources will play a critical role in ensuring that the project resources, which are scarce, are optimally being utilised. By integrating effective project monitoring and evaluation, the project manager will be in a position to promote the development of positive behaviours amongst the team members. The entrepreneur intends to complete the Green Fashion Store within 56 days. Consequently, optimal monitoring and evaluation with regard to how time is utilised in implementing the project will be undertaken. The project will monitor the project’s progress by tracking the Gantt chart by incorporating a baseline Gantt chart. The respective activities in the Gantt chart will be tracked. Periodic reports regarding the project process will be formulated by developing a control chart. Consequently, the project manager will be in a position to determine the project’s trend. For example, the project manager will assess whether the project progress is ahead or behind schedule, and hence report to the stakeholders more effectively. In addition to the above types of evaluation, the project manager will also evaluate the customers’ opinion regarding the green fashion store. One of the elements that will be taken into account entails assessing whether the target customers have integrated the concept of green fashi on in their consumption processes. Consequently, the project manager will be able to determine the likelihood of obtaining support from the customers. To evaluate the performance of project amongst potential customers, the entrepreneur will conduct a market survey through the green fashion website that will be established. Moreover, emerging social media platforms will also be used. Project closure Projects have a definite timeframe and must be completed within the set deadline and transferred to the owners. Consequently, it is imperative for project managers to ensure effective project closure. The project manager is of the opinion that the project will be successfully completed. Consequently, normal project closure technique will be undertaken. The closure will comprise a number of activities, which include, Conducting a post project audit to determine the degree of project success Undertaking wrap-up closure activities [which include paying out the bills and closing the project accounts] Conducting individual and team evaluation Preparing a final report that summarises the entire project. The final report will be comprised of a number of elements which include; Project performance review- This will be achieved by reviewing whether the project is in conformity with the set standards. Project analysis Lessons learnt and recommendations on how to improve future projects The project team members and the volunteers will be acknowledged and thanked for their effort. The acknowledgement will be undertaken by identifying each of the team members’ contribution to the establishment of the green fashion store. Potential obstacles The project life cycle will be comprised of three main stages, which include the start, project life, and finish. A number of activities, which include project definition, planning, execution, and project delivery, will be undertaken during the project life cycle. However, various obstacles might affect project implementation and s uccess adversely. Consequently, it is imperative for project managers to adopt effective preventive measures. Some of the risks potential obstacles that might be experienced in this project are discussed herein. Implementation challenges– One of the major obstacles that might affect the project relates to lack of commitment amongst the team members. Such occurrences may limit the likelihood of the project being completed within the set timeframe. The project team members may lose momentum, hence drifting from the set project goals. Development delays- The entrepreneur intends to cut the amount of time required to complete the Green Fashion Store project with 20% and to achieve this goal, the project manager will adopt the crashing strategy. Considering that the Green Fashion Store is a new entity, the firm does not have adequate staff. Consequently, the likelihood of some project team members multitasking is high as some activities and assignments will have to be completed wi thin the same time. Multitasking may limit the effectiveness with which the project team members undertake their duties. Moreover, excessive multitasking may lead to time loss hence affecting the project completion. Cost increment- Existence of resource bottlenecks is another major obstacle that might affect the project. Risk management Occurrence of risk might hinder the project implementation. Consequently, comprehensive risk management process will be adopted. Four main risk management aspects, which include risk identification, risk response control, risk assessment, and risk response development will be incorporated. The project manager will integrate the following risk management strategies. Assessment of the milestones- The project manager will evaluate whether the set milestones are achieved. Balancing project activities with personal activities, the project manager will integrate optimal time management strategies to prevent the team members’ infectiveness because o f multitasking. Effective allocation and control of project resources; this will prevent deviation from the predetermined project budget. Summary and recommendations Implementing the above project plan will improve the likelihood of the Green Fashion Store succeeding. The feasibility of the project is enhanced as the project will contribute towards environmental protection and the project will promote consumption of ‘green fashion’, hence minimising environmental pollution and climate change. Moreover, the project feasibility is enhanced by the fact that customers are increasingly becoming conscious of the environment. Therefore, project sponsors will be committed in supporting the project. The success of the project will depend on the effectiveness with which the available project resources are managed. Time is one of the most important resources in the process of implementing the Green Fashion Store. By implementing the time crashing strategy, the project manager wil l minimise the duration within which the project has to be implemented. As a result, the amount of resources required will go down. The project manager will be required to assess the work breakdown structure in order to determine the most effective way to crash the project time. Analysing the WBS will enable the project manager to define task durations effectively. In a bid to improve the project outcome, effective quality management, and control should be integrated, by formulating optimal quality standards. Through effective quality control, the project manager will eliminate non-conformities. Non-conformities underscore aspects that add no value to the project but they might be inevitable in a project management process if the project manager fails to observe effectiveness for optimal results. The success of the Green Fashion Store project will be determined by the commitment of all the team members, which underscores the importance of optimal project team management. The project manager can achieve this goal by integrating effective team formation and development strategies such as effective conflict management and communication, which will improve the effectiveness with which the project team members interact. The project manager should ensure that effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are developed by integrating Gantt charts, which should be tracked continuously to improve the likelihood of identifying and adjusting deviations that occur. Upon its completion, the manager should ensure that effective project closure is undertaken by conducting an audit of the project in order to determine its success. The success of the project might be subject to various internal and external challenges. Consequently, it is imperative for the project manager to integrate effective risk management strategies by ensuring that risks are identified effectively in a bid to address any challenge that might arise during the project management process. This essay on Project Management for Small to Medium Enterprises was written and submitted by user GitHoskins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Did Jane Austen intend Henry Tilney to be a traditional hero Essay Example

Did Jane Austen intend Henry Tilney to be a traditional hero Essay Example Did Jane Austen intend Henry Tilney to be a traditional hero Paper Did Jane Austen intend Henry Tilney to be a traditional hero Paper Essay Topic: Literature A traditional Gothic novel usually requires the roles of a hero and a villain. Northanger Abbey is Gothic in genre, but Jane Austen is also mocking the Gothic genre. It is possible that she doesnt want a typical hero or villain. The dictionary defines a villain as: A person guilty or capable of great wickedness, scoundrel; character in a play whose evil actions or motives are important in the plot. General Tilneys wife died of an illness prior to the start of the novel, leaving the General a widower. General Tilney is a father of three, he has two sons and a daughter. It is the eldest son, Frederick, who is most like the General. The other two children, Henry and Eleanor, are not really like their father at all. Frederick and the General both have naval status, they are alike in career pattern. They are also alike in personality. General Tilney is extremely self important, which means he has a high opinion of himself or is pompous. An example of this is when he finds out that Catherine is not an heiress. Jane Austen describes him as: Enraged with almost everybody in the world but himself. The General is also shallow and hypocritical, which is shown when Eleanor makes a good marriage and Jane Austen tells us that never had the General loved his daughter so well in all her hours of companionship, utility and patient endurance, as when he first hailed her Your Ladyship! The General is also presented as a cruel and heartless man. This is shown best when he all but throws Catherine out with no money or servant to accompany her. He gives her a carriage which causes her to suffer the social indignity of returning home in a public vehicle which would have been inappropriate in the time in which the novel was set. Also she did not even get a choice of the time she was to leave and Eleanor was forced to tell her that she had to leave, telling her that: Tomorrow morning is fixed for your leaving us, and not even the hour is left to your choice; the very carriage is ordered, and will be here at seven oclock, and no servant will be offered you. The General has limited judgement, which is shown by the ease with which he believes John Thorpes lies about Catherine being an heiress. General Tilney is a greedy man. An example of this is his encouragement of a good relationship between Catherine and Henry whilst he believes Catherine is an heiress. When talking about the breakfast set, after mentioning that he had seen some more that he would have liked to buy, Jane Austen says of the General that: He trusted, however, that an opportunity might ere long occur of selecting one- though not for himself, suggesting that he hoped Catherine and Henry might get married and that she might provide it. He is shown to be selfish by his desire for his children to make good marriages for his own ends, regardless of their own happiness. Looking at the negative personality traits above that are usually needed to make somebody a villain and the negative personality traits that the General possesses, it is easily seen that General Tilney is not a villain. General Tilney is only a villain in the eyes of Catherine who becomes convinced that the General had killed his wife who, in reality, had died of a serious illness. General Tilney doesnt seriously affect the plot, as Catherine and Henry get together anyway, which a villain would. Although General Tilney is not an endearing character and is selfish, self important, greedy, shallow and unkind, he is not evil and is not a villain. The dictionary defines a hero as A man admired for achievements and noble qualities. Chief male character in a poem, play or story. A typical hero in a Gothic novel would be handsome, he would save the girls life and carry her off into the sunset. He would also display other heroic qualities such as being incredibly strong and brave.. Jane Austen makes it clear that Henry Tilney is none of these things. He is described in the introduction as less dashing and handsome than his brother and no mystery attaches to his birth. Henry could be described as an anti-hero. However Henry is the complete contrast to his father. Henry has a subtle manner and is quite witty. Henrys wit is sometimes unexpected and bizarre, for example his knowledge of muslin: But then you know madam that muslin always turns to some account or other Henry has a whole conversation on muslins with Mrs Allen and Catherine almost calls him strange because of this. In the novel, Henry is often a source of humour, especially in his teasing Catherine about her Gothic fantasies, which he did a lot on their journey to Northanger Abbey. Henry teasingly asks Catherine And are you prepared to encounter all the horrors that a building such as what one reads about may produce? -Have you a stout heart? -Nerves fit for sliding panels and tapestry? He has strong principles and integrity. If somebody has integrity they are a man or woman of their word. Henry shows his integrity in his relationship with Catherine he feels himself bound as much in honour as in affection to Miss Morland. Even though his father forbade it, Henry returned to Catherine in Fullerton, so he is quite romantic. Henry takes his professional duties, in Woodston, seriously the engagements of his curate at Woodston obliging him to leave them. Henrys personality has mainly good qualities. However it does contradict itself in that he is unusual, for example he says I have no patience with such of my sex as disdain to let themselves sometimes down to the comprehension of yours. This means that he has no patience for men who dont understand women, which would have been unusual at the time. He is shown as ordinary, when he visited Catherine in Fullerton, he sat, most civilly answering all Mrs Morlands common remarks about the weather and roads. But heroes are extraordinary and that, Henry is not. Henry is not a hero, he is too odd and domesticated to be a conventional hero. For example, Henry says to Catherine when he knows that she will be visiting him at Woodston, I must go and prepare a meal for you to be sure. This shows that he is domesticated, as most men in those times would not have thought about the cooking. But, Henry is the closest thing to a hero in the novel. Henry could, however, be mistaken for a hero because of his romantic side and his returning to Catherine.

Business Law Essay Example for Free (#16)

Business Law Essay What is Business Law? Businesses interact in many and varied ways. To name just a few types of business transactions, there are contracts, mergers and acquisitions, leasing, etc. How these transactions are carried out is overseen by Business Law. Additionally, how businesses are formed is a large part of Business law. This area of law is very wide-ranging, although it deals primarily with defining the rights and responsibilities of businesses, rather than enforcing these laws. Because of its extensive scope, Business law has spawned a large number of legal practice area subcategories, which include Sales and Secured Transactions, Banking, Landlord-Tenant, Mortgages, Real Estate Transactions, Debtor and Creditor, Bankruptcy, Consumer Credit, Negotiable Instruments, and Contracts. Business law and Commercial law are very closely related, so much so that the terms are often used interchangeably and the legal issues they address frequently overlap. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is the principal presiding authority over commercial transactions. Business.gov helps small businesses understand their legal requirements and locate government services from federal, state and local agencies. Business.gov is an official site of the U.S. Small Business Administration. * Commercial Law / Business Law – Definition Commercial law (sometimes known as business law) is the body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life, and accident insurance; bills of exchange and partnership. It can also be understood to regulate corporate contracts, hiring practices, and the manufacture and sales of consumer goods. Most aspects of running a business have some legal consequences. Whether your business is just starting up, expanding, or winding down, you must comply with the federal, state, and local laws that govern your business activities. A great many common law rulings, statutes, administrative rules and legislation make up the practice and interpretation of employment law. Its governance falls under the umbrella of both federal and state statutes, as well as administrative regulation and judicial precedent. When workers file claims for employment discrimination, unemployment compensation and workers’ compensation, these claims fall under employment law. Likewise, overseeing workplace safety and standards, fair wages, retirement and pensions, employee benefits, and much more, are part of this wide-ranging legal area. Employment law deals with both the employer and the employee’s actions, rights and responsibilities, as well as their relationship with one another. A well-known, prevalent administrative regulatory body for employment law is the Department of Labor, which exists on both the federal and the state level.The elaws Advisors are interactive e-tools that provide easy-to-understand information about a number of federal employment laws. Each Advisor simulates the interaction you might have with an employment law expert. It asks questions and provides answers based on responses given. Self-Employment Assistance offers dislocated workers the opportunity for early re-employment. The program is designed to encourage and enable unemployed workers to create their own jobs by starting their own small businesses. Under these programs, States can pay a self-employed allowance, instead of regular unemployment insurance benefits, to help unemployed workers while they are establishing businesses and becoming self-employed. Participants receive weekly allowances while they are getting their businesses off the ground. A corporation is a legal entity created through the laws of its state of incorporation. Individual states have the power to promulgate laws relating to the creation, organization and dissolution of corporations. Many states follow the Model Business Corporation Act.State corporation laws require articles of incorporation to document the corporation’s creation and to provide provisions regarding the management of internal affairs. Most state corporation statutes also operate under the assumption that each corporation will adopt bylaws to define the rights and obligations of officers, persons and groups within its structure. States also have registration laws requiring corporations that incorporate in other states to request permission to do in-state business.There has also been a significant component of Federal corporations law since Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates how corporate securities are issued and sold. Federal securities law also governs req uirements of fiduciary conduct such as requiring corporations to make full disclosures to shareholders and investors. The law treats a corporation as a legal â€Å"person† that has standing to sue and be sued, distinct from its stockholders. The legal independence of a corporation prevents shareholders from being personally liable for corporate debts. It also allows stockholders to sue the corporation through a derivative suit and makes ownership in the company (shares) easily transferable. The legal â€Å"person† status of corporations gives the business perpetual life; deaths of officials or stockholders do not alter the corporation’s structure.Corporations are taxable entities that fall under a different scheme from individuals. Although corporations have a â€Å"double tax† problem — both corporate profits and shareholder dividends are taxed — corporate profits are taxed at a lower rate than the rates for individuals.Corporate law has important intersections with contracts and commercial transactions law. A generic term for shares of stock, bonds, and debentures issued by corporations and governments to evidence ownership and terms of payment of dividends or final payoff. They are called securities because the assets or profits of the corporation or the credit of the government stand as security for payment. However, unlike secured transactions in which specific property is pledged, securities are only as good as the future profitability of the corporation or the management of the governmental agency. Most securities are traded on various stock or bond markets. Securities law exists because of unique informational needs of investors. Securities are not inherently valuable; their worth comes only from the claims they entitle their owner to make upon the assets and earnings of the issuer or the voting power that accompanies such claims. The value of securities depends on the issuer’s financial condition, products and markets, management, and the competitive and regulatory climate. Securities laws and regulations aim at ensuring that investors receive accurate and necessary information regarding the type and value of the interest under consideration for purchase. Securities exist in the form of notes, stocks, treasury stocks, bonds, certificates of interest or participation in profit sharing agreements, collateral trust certificates, preorganization certificates or subscriptions, transferable shares, investment contracts, voting trust certificates, certificates of deposit for a security, and a fractional undivided interest in gas, oil, or other mineral rights. Certain types of notes, such as a note secured by a home mortgage or a note secured by accounts receivable or other business assets, are not securities. * The Setting for Buying and Trading Two principle settings for buying and selling securities exist – issuer transactions and trading transactions. On the one hand, issuer transactions are the means by which businesses raise capital. These transactions involve the sale of securities by the issuer to investors. On the other hand, trading transactions refers to the purchasing and selling of outstanding securities among investors. Investors trade outstanding securities through securities markets that can be either stock exchanges or â€Å"over-the-counter.† Stock exchanges provide a place, rules, and procedures for buying and selling securities, and the government heavily regulates them. Generally, to have their securities sold and bought on a stock exchange, a company must list its securities on a given exchange. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) must approve the stock exchange’s rules before they take effect. Transactions that do not take place on a stock exchange occur in the the residual securities market, known as the over-the-counter market. Only dealers and brokers registered with the SEC may engage in securities business both on stock exchanges and in over-the-counter markets. Most of the broker-dealers serving the public used to be members of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), which served the NASDAQ stock market, but in 2007, the NASD merged with the dealers from the New York Stock Exchange to form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) a national securities association registered with SEC. Securities regulations focus mainly on the market for common stocks. Both federal and state laws regulate securities. On the heels of the Great Depression, Congress enacted the first of the federal securities laws, the Federal Securities Act of 1933, which regulates the public offering and sale of securities in interstate commerce. This Act also prohibits the offer or sale of a security not registered with the Securities Exchange Commission and requires the disclosure of certain information to the prospective securities’ purchaser. Then, needing an agency to enforce those regulations, Congress established the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created the SEC. Since then, Congress has charged the SEC with administering federal securities laws. The 1933 Act’s registration requirements aimed to enable purchasers to make reasoned decisions by requiring companies to provide reliable information. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 also regulates officers, directors, and principal share holders in an attempt to maintain fair and honest markets. The Act requires that issuers, subject to certain exemptions, register with the SEC if they want to have their securities traded on a national exchange. Issuers of securities registered under the 1934 Act must file various reports with the SEC in order to provide the public with adequate information about companies with publicly traded stocks. The 1934 Act permits the SEC to promulgate rules and regulations to protect the public and investors by prohibiting manipulative devices and contrivances via the mail system or other means of interstate commerce A partnership is a for-profit business association of two or more persons. Because the business component is defined broadly by state laws and because â€Å"persons† can include individuals, groups of individuals, companies, and corporations, partnerships are highly adaptable in form and vary in complexity. Each partner shares directly in the organization’s profits and shares control of the business operation. The consequence of this profit sharing is that partners are jointly and independently liable for the partnership’s debts.Creation, organization, and dissolution of partnerships are governed by state law. Many states have adopted the Uniform Partnership Act. A partner relationship is generally the result of a contract either express or implied with no formal requirements (such as a signed document). This is not the case of a limited partnership where one or more general partners manage business operations and assume personally liable for partnership debts while other contributing/profit sharing partners take no part in running the business and incur no liability beyond contribution obligations.) Limited partnerships are governed in many states by the Uniform Limited Partnership Act . State property law also impacts partnerships by defining ownership in a partnership and determining how the death of a partner changes the partnership structure. Federal law plays a minimal role in partnership law except in the context of a diversity action, or in instances where a partnership agreement contains an effective choice-of-law provision designating the application of federal law. Federal law also governs whether a partnership exists for federal tax purposes. For state and federal tax purposes, a partnership is not a taxable entity. Partnership income is taxable to the partners in proport ion to their share in the company’s profits. Despite their importance to the economy, small businesses are heavily burdened by the costs of government regulation and excessive paperwork. Advocacy research shows that firms with fewer than 20 employees annually spend 45 percent more per employee than larger firms do to comply with federal regulations. Advocacy is an independent voice for small business within the federal government and is the watchdog for the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA). Advocacy advances the views and concerns of small business before Congress, the White House, the federal agencies, the federal courts and state policy makers. An arrangement under which a borrower puts up the title to real estate as security (collateral) for a loan to buy the real estate. The borrower typically agrees to make regular payments of principal and interest to repay the loan. If the borrower falls behind (defaults) on the payments, the lender can foreclose on the real estate and have it sold to pay off the loan. A mortgage involves the transfer of an interest in land as security for a loan or other obligation. It is the most common method of financing real estate transactions. The mortgagor is the party transferring the interest in land. The mortgagee, usually a financial institution, is the provider of the loan or other interest given in exchange for the security interest. Normally, a mortgage is paid in installments that include both interest and a payment on the principle amount that was borrowed. Failure to make payments results in the foreclosure of the mortgage. Foreclosure allows the mortgagee to declare that the entire m ortgage debt is due and must be paid immediately. This is accomplished through an acceleration clause in the mortgage. Failure to pay the mortgage debt once foreclosure of the land occurs leads to seizure of the security interest and its sale to pay for any remaining mortgage debt. The foreclosure process depends on state law and the terms of the mortgage. The most common processes are court proceedings (judicial foreclosure) or grants of power to the mortgagee to sell the property (power of sale foreclosure). Many states regulate acceleration clauses and allow late payments to avoid foreclosure. Some states use instruments called deeds of trust instead of traditional mortgages. Three theories exist regarding who has legal title to a mortgaged property. Under the title theory title to the security interest rests with the mortgagee. Most states, however, follow the lien theory under which the legal title remains with the mortgagor unless there is foreclosure. Finally, the intermediate theory applies the lien theory until there is a default on the mortgage whereupon the title theory applies. The mortgagor and the mortgagee generally have the right to transfer their interest in the mortgage. Some states hold that even when the purchaser of a property subject to a mortgage does not explicitly take over the mortgage the transfer is assumed. Mortgages employ due-on-sale and due-on-encumbrance clauses to prevent the transfer of mortgages. These clauses allow acceleration (having the principal and interest become due immediately) of the mortgage. The law of contracts and property govern the transfer of the mortgage’s interest. If the mortgage being foreclosed is not the only lien on the property then state law determines the priority of the property interests. For example, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code governs conflicts between mortgages on real property and liens on fixtures (personal property attached to a piece of real estate). When a mortgage is a negotiable instrument it is governed by Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code. A mortgage may be used as a security interest by the mortgage. * Strangely enough, the word mortgage comes from the French word â€Å"mort† which means â€Å"dead† and â€Å"gage† from Old English, which means pledge. The term came from the doubtfulness of whether or not the mortgagor would pay the debt. In the 1500’s, if the mortgagor did not pay, then the land pledged as security for the debt was taken away. The land was then considered â€Å"dead† to the mortgagor. Nowadays, the term mortgage is used as a term for purchasing a property. We no longer associate anyone’s death with it. Although a few lucky people may be in a position to pay all cash for a property, home mortgages are required to purchase a home. Mortgages all have a term (typically 15, 20 or 30 years) representing the length of time before your home is paid off and a rate which determines the principal and interest payment that will be required to be paid during this term. Bankruptcy law provides for the development of a plan that allows a debtor, who is unable to pay his creditors, to resolve his debts through the division of his assets among his creditors. This supervised division also allows the interests of all creditors to be treated with some measure of equality. Certain bankruptcy proceedings allow a debtor to stay in business and use revenue generated to resolve his or her debts. An additional purpose of bankruptcy law is to allow certain debtors to free themselves (to be discharged) of the financial obligations they have accumulated, after their assets are distributed, even if their debts have not been paid in full. Bankruptcy law is federal statutory law contained in Title 11 of the United States Code. Congress passed the Bankruptcy Code under its Constitutional grant of authority to â€Å"establish uniform laws on the subject of Bankruptcy throughout the United States.States may not regulate bankruptcy though they may pass laws that govern other aspects of the debtor-creditor relationship. There are two basic types of Bankruptcy proceedings. A filing under Chapter 7 is called liquidation. It is the most common type of bankruptcy proceeding. Liquidation involves the appointment of a trustee who collects the non-exempt property of the debtor, sells it and distributes the proceeds to the creditors. Bankruptcy involve the rehabilitation of the debtor to allow him or her to use future earnings to pay off creditors. Under Chapter 7, 12, 13, and some 11 proceedings, a trustee is appointed to supervise the assets of the debtor. A bankruptcy proceeding can either be entered into voluntarily by a debtor or initiated by creditors. After a bankruptcy proceeding is filed, creditors, for the most part, may not seek to collect their debts outside of the proceeding. The debtor is not allowed to transfer property that has been declared part of the estate subject to proceedings. Furthermore, certain pre-proceeding transfers of property, secured interests, and liens may be delayed or invalidated. Various provisions of the Bankruptcy Code a lso establish the priority of creditors’ interests. * Small Business Financing – Loans and Grants Federal, state and local governments offer a wide range of financing programs to help small businesses start and grow their operations. These programs include low-interest loans, venture capital, and scientific and economic development grants. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC or the Code), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America. The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state. The UCC therefore achieved the goal of substantial uniformity in commercial laws and, at the same time, allowed the states the flexibility to meet local circumstances. The UCC deals primarily with transactions involving personal property (movable property), not real property (immovable property). The U.S. Department of Commerce has a broad mandate to advance economic growth and jobs and opportunities for the American people. It has cross cutting responsibilities in the areas of trade, technology, economic development, environmental stewardship and statistical research and analysis. The products and services the department provides touch the lives of Americans and American companies in many ways, including weather forecasts, the decennial census, and patent and trademark protection for inventors and businesses. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), a comprehensive code addressing most aspects of commercial law, is generally viewed as one of the most important developments in American law. The UCC text and draft revisions are written by experts in commercial law and submitted as drafts for approval to the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (now referred to as the Uniform Law Commissioners), in collaboration with the American Law Institute. The Commissioners are all attorneys, qualified to practice law, including state and federal judges, legislators and law professors from the United States and its territories. These quasi-public organizations meet and decide whether to endorse these drafts or to send them back to the experts for revision. The revision process may result in several different revisions of the original draft. Once a draft is endorsed, the Uniform Law Commissioners recommend that the states adopt these rules. The UCC is a model code, so it does not have leg al effect in a jurisdiction unless UCC provisions are enacted by the individual legislatures as statutes. Currently, the UCC (in whole or in part) has been enacted, with some local variation, in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands. AN ACT to enact the uniform commercial code, relating to certain commercial transactions in or regarding personal property and contracts and other documents concerning them, including sales, commercial paper,bank deposits and collections, letters of credit, bulk transfers, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, other documents of title, investment securities, leases, and secured transactions, including certain sales of accounts and contract rights; to provide for public notice to third parties in certain circumstances; to regulate procedure, evidence and damages in certain court actions involving such transactions, contracts or documents; to make uniform the law with respect there to; to make an appropriation; to provide penalties; and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts. * 1-101. Short Titles. (a) This [Act] may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code. * 1-102. Scope of Article. This article applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of [the Uniform Commercial Code]. * 1-103. Construction of [Uniform Commercial Code] to Promote its Purposes and Policies: Applicability of Supplemental Principles of Law. (a) [The Uniform Commercial Code] must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are: (1)to simplify, clarify, and modernize the law governing commercial transactions; (2) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage, and agreement of the parties; and (3) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions. (b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code], the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, fraud, misrepresentation,mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating cause supplement its provisions. * 1-104. Construction Against Implied Repeal. [The Uniform Commercial Code] being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided. If any provision or clause of [the Uniform Commercial Code] or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of [the Uniform Commercial Code] which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code] are severable. * 1-106. Use of Singular and Plural; Gender. In [the Uniform Commercial Code], unless the statutory context otherwise requires: (1) words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and (2) words of any gender also refer to any other gender. Section captions are part of [the Uniform Commercial Code]. * 1-108. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act. This article modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this article modifies, limits, or supersedes Section 7001(c) of that Act or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 7003(b) of that Act. (a) Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other articles of [the Uniform Commercial Code] that apply to particular articles or parts thereof, have the meanings stated. (b) Subject to definitions contained in other articles of [the Uniform Commercial Code] that apply to particular articles or parts thereof: (1) â€Å"Action†, in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding in which rights are determined. (2) â€Å"Aggrieved party† means a party entitled to pursue a remedy. (3) â€Å"Agreement†, as distinguished from â€Å"contract†, means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade as provided in Section 1-303. (4) â€Å"Bank† means a person engaged in the busines s of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company. (5) â€Å"Bearer† means a person in possession of a negotiable instrument, document of title, or certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank. (6) â€Å"Bill of lading† means a document evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of transporting or forwarding goods. (7) â€Å"Branch† includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank. (8) â€Å"Burden of establishing† a fact means the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence. (9) â€Å"Buyer in ordinary course of business† means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller’s own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas, or othe r minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under Article 2 may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. (10) â€Å"Conspicuous†, with reference to a term, means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is â€Å"conspicuous† or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following: (A) a heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and (B) language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding te xt of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language. (11) â€Å"Consumer† means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. (12) â€Å"Contract†, as distinguished from â€Å"agreement†, means the total legal obligation that results from the parties’ agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws. (13) â€Å"Creditor† includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a receiver in equity, and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor’s or assignor’s estate. (14) â€Å"Defendant† includes a person in the position of defendant in a counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim. (15) â€Å"Delivery†, with respect to an instrument, document of title, or chattel paper, means voluntary transfer of possession. Includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries. However, it is also used in legal writings as trade between private sectors, which is not right. This branch of law is now an independent field of study as most governments has become part of the world trade, as members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since the transaction between private sectors of different countries is important part of the WTO activities, this latter branch of law is now very important part of the academic works and is under study in many universities across the world. International trade law should be distinguished from the broader field of international economic law. The latter could be said to encompass not only WTO law, but also law governing the international monetary system and currency regulation, as well as the law of international development. The body of rules for transnational trade in the 21st century derives from medieval commercial laws called the lex mercatoria and lex maritima — respectively, â€Å"the law for merchants on land† and â€Å"the law for merchants on sea.† Modern trade law (extending beyond bilateral treaties) began shortly after the Second World War, with the negotiation of a multilateral treaty to deal with trade in goods: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). International trade law is based on theories of economic liberalism developed in Europe and later the United States from the 18th century onwards. International Trade Law is an aggregate of legal rules of â€Å"international legislation† and new lex mercatoria, regulating relations in international trade. â€Å"International legislation† – international treaties and acts of international intergovernmental organizations regulating relations in international trade. lex mercatoria – â€Å"the law for merchants on land†. Alok Narayan defines â€Å"lex mercatoria† as â€Å"any law relating to businesses† which was criticised by Professor Julius Stone. and lex maritima – â€Å"the law for merchants on sea. Alok in his recent article criticised this definition to be â€Å"too narrow† and â€Å"merely-creative†. Professor Dodd and Professor Malcolm Shaw of Leeds University supported this proposition. Contract: the elements of a contract The first step in a contract question is always to make sure that a contract actually exists. There are certain elements that must be present for a legally binding contract to be in place. The first two are the most obvious: * An offer: an expression of willingness to contract on a specific set of terms, made by the offeror with the intention that, if the offer is accepted, he or she will be bound by a contract. * Acceptance: an expression of absolute and unconditional agreement to all the terms set out in the offer. It can be oral or in writing. The acceptance must exactly mirror the original offer made. * A counter-offer is not the same as an acceptance. A counter-offer extinguishes the original offer: you can’t make a counter-offer and then decide to accept the original offer! But†¦ * A request for information is not a counter-offer. If you ask the offeror for information or clarification about the offer, that doesn’t extinguish the offer; you’re still free to accept it if you want. It is very important to distinguish an offer from an invitation to treat – that is, an invitation for other people to submit offers. Some everyday situations which we might think are offers are in fact invitations to treat: * Goods displayed in a shop window or on a shelf. * When a book is placed in a shop window priced at  £7.99, the bookshop owner has made an invitation to treat. * When I pick up that book and take it to the till, I make the offer to buy the book for  £7.99. * When the person at the till takes my money, the shop accepts my offer, and a contract comes into being. * Adverts basically work in the same way as the scenario above. Advertising something is like putting it in a shop window. * The original advertising of the auction is just an invitation to treat. * When I make a bid, I am making an offer. * When the hammer falls, the winning ‘offer’ has been accepted. The seller now has a legally binding contract with the winning bidder (so long as there is no reserve price that hasn’t been reached) An offer can be revoked at any time before it is accepted, so long as you inform the person you made the offer to that the offer no longer stands. * Consideration: each party to the contract must receive something of value.Consideration is the price paid for the other’s promise. There are four legal maxims that apply to consideration: * Consideration must move from the promisor; * Consideration need not move to the promisee; * Past consideration is not good consideration; * The consideration given must be sufficient, but it need not be adequate. Arrangements of a social nature are presumed not to be legally binding, whilse commercial arrangements are presumed to be intended as binding contracts. Of course, these presumptions can always be rebutted in court by producing evidence to the contrary. It is essential to know about business law before starting a business, as it will help you operate your business without the hindrances of ignorance. It is better to seek the expert guidance of an accountant and an attorney to learn about the latest business laws that will affect your business.. There are different laws for different business entities. Be certain you learn about the business laws that govern the kind of business entity that you choose to start. The major types of businesses are C, S and closed corporations, limited liability companies, and sole proprietorships. Zoning Laws: It is essential to know about zoning laws, as certain zones are restricted in certain areas. It deals with the kind or type of business allowed in certain areas, how the land surrounding a business is used, signboards, advertisements, and parking. Licensing Laws: In order to operate a business certain licenses are required and there are some important business laws you need to know. If a business operates without these licenses, it is illegal and the business may be dissolved or forced to close. Trademark and Patent Laws: These are laws that deal with ownership; intellectual property rights, and inventions. They are necessary to protect the business. Employment Laws: These are laws regarding the hiring and firing of employees, their rights, compensation, safety, work place discrimination, child labor laws, overtime pay structure, disability laws and unemployment laws. Tax Laws: This section deals with filing of tax returns and depends on the kind of business entity and the state the business operates in, sales tax. These include franchise tax, income tax and other state and federal tax requirements of a business. These are very important business laws you need to know before starting a business. Environmental Laws: The government enforces the environmental laws for the discharge of hazardous waste and the recycling laws pertaining to the business. Health Department Permits: This is necessary if your business deals with food products. You must get health department permits to operate your business. Fire Department Permits and Air and Water Pollution Control Permits: There are laws that certain kinds of business entities must get permits from these departments to operate. The list above contains basic business laws you need to know before starting a company. It is necessary to take precautions that you are not violating any law by operating your business. You must obtain all the necessary permits and licenses from the appropriate authority. Business Law. (2017, Feb 07). 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Health Care Issues in Ireland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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